Time To Brake (TTB)#
Description#
Please refer to the TTM.
Properties#
Run-time capability#
Yes
Target values#
0.4 s [Tamke2011] (selection of a minimal risk maneuver), 1 s [Junietz2018a] [Huber2020] (threshold for critical)
Subject type#
Optimal for road vehicles (automated and human), sub-optimal for VRUs
Scenario type#
Overlapping predicted trajectories for a significant time span in the scenario
Inputs#
Static/dynamic objects and their state (pose, shape, etc.) at time t, MM for maneuver ‘brake’
Output scale#
\(\{-\infty\} \cup [0, \infty]\), time (s), ratio scale
Reliability#
High, under the assumption that collisions can be reliably predicted
Validity#
High for two-actor scenes, medium for more actors when TTB is evaluated under a fixed perspective, but can be increased by aggregating over all actors as at least for one of them, the TTB will be valid
Sensitivity#
High, but depends on the DMM: if no collisions are predicted for critical scenarios, sensitivity is reduced
Specificity#
High for humans, as braking is a key choice in human reaction [Adams1994]; medium for AVs as non-braking maneuvers can often avoid a critical situation, even if TTB \(\leq0\) [Adams1994]
Prediction model#
Time window#
Unbound, but usefulness depends on DMM
Time mode#
Linear time